| Shahmukhi |
|
|---|---|
| Type | Abjad |
| Languages | Punjabi |
| Time period | ?? |
| Parent systems | |
| Unicode range |
U+0600 to U+06FF |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols. | |
Shahmukhi (شاہ مکھی, Gurmukhi: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ, literally "from the King's mouth") is a local variant of the Perso-Arabic script. Nastaʿlīq is a portmanteau word of naskh of Arabic and ta'aliq, (an ancient style of the Persian alphabet used in Iran). Both of the scripts of Iranian and Arabic roots were amalgamated and invented by Ameer Ali Tabrezi in Tabrez to be used as the standard characters to write the Persian language. Shahmukhi script was first used by the the sufi poets of Punjab and became the official writing style for west Punjab after creation of Pakistan. However, in the East Punjab India, the Gurmukhi script is used by all people (Sikhs especially) to record the Punjabi language. The text of Nasta'aliq is written in the right to left direction and from right page to left page; but Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Below is the comparative demonstration of the both scripts.
Examples: قَلَم (ਕ਼ਲਮ) qalam-pen گھُپ (ਘੁਪ) ghup-dense لِحاظ (ਲਿਹਾਜ਼) lihāż-consideration
Initial- آ (ਆ): ā اَے (ਏ ਐ): e, æ اُو (ਊ): ū اِي (ਈ): ī اَو (ਔ ਓ): au, o Medial-َﺎ َﯧ ُﻮ ِﯧ َﻮ Final- َﺎ َﮯ ُﻮ ِﻲ َﻮ
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There are a few additional letters that are occasionally used. They are:
ﭓ bbe -ਬ
ﭲ jje -ਜ
ڋ ḍḍe -ਡ
ڰ ggaf -ਗ
ڻ rnoonh -ੜ
In Punjabi, there are many Arabic and Persian loanwords. There are some sounds in these words which were not previously found in South Asian languages before the influence of Arabic and Persian, and these are therefore represented by introducing dots beneath specific Gurumukhi characters. Since the Gurmukhi alphabet is phonetic, any loanwords which contained pre-existing sounds were more easily transliterated without the need for characters modified with subscript dots beneath.
ﺫ – ਜ਼
ﺹ – ਸ
ﺽ – ਜ਼
ﻁ – ਤ
ﻅ – ਜ਼
ﻍ – ਗ਼
ﺡ – ਹ
ﺙ – ਥ
گ – ਗ
چ – ਚ
پ – ਪ
ژ – ਜ਼
ﺥ – ਖ਼
ﺯ – ਜ਼
ﻑ – ਫ਼
ﻕ – ਕ਼
ﻉ – this is often transliterated in many ways due to its changing sound in various Arabic/Persian words.
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